What Is Vedanta? 

The highest degree of Vedic education, traditionally reserved for the sannyasis (renunciants), 

is mastery of the texts known as the Upanisads. The Upanisads teach the philosophy of the 

Absolute Truth (Brahman) to those seeking liberation from birth and death. Study of the 

Upanisads is known as vedanta, "the conclusion of the Veda." The word upanisad means "that 

which is learned by sitting close to the teacher." The texts of the Upanisads are extremely 

difficult to fathom; they are to be understood only under the close guidance of a spiritual 

master (guru). Because the Upanisads contain many apparently contradictory statements, the 

great sage Vyasadeva (also known as Vedavyasa, Badarayana, or Dvaipayana) systematized 

the Upanisadic teachings in the Vedanta-sutra, or Brahma-sutra. Vyasa's sutras are terse. 

Without a fuller explanation, their meaning is difficult to grasp. In India there are five main 

schools of vedanta, each established by an acarya (founder) who explained the sutras in a 

bhasya (commentary). 

Of the five schools, one, namely Adi Shankara's, is impersonalist. Shankara taught that 

Brahman has no name, form nor personal characteristics. Shankara's school is opposed by the 

four Vaishnava sampradayas founded by Ramanuja, Madhva, Nimbarka, and Vishnusvami. 

Unlike the impersonalist school, Vaishnava vedanta admits the validity of Vedic statements 

that establish difference (bheda) within Brahman, as well those that establish nondifference 

(abheda). Taking the bheda and abheda statements together, the Vaishnava Vedantists 

distinguish between three features of the one Vastu Brahman (Divine Substance): 

 * Vishnu as the Supreme Soul (Para Brahman). 

 * The individual self as the subordinate soul (Jiva Brahman). 

 * Matter as creative nature (Mahad Brahman). 

The philosophies of the four Vaishnava sampradayas dispel the sense of mundane limitation 

ordinarily associated with the word "person." Vishnu is accepted by all schools of Vaishnava 

vedanta as the transcendental, unlimited Purusottama (Supreme Person), while the individual 

souls and matter are His conscious and unconscious energies (cidacid-shakti).